Data Transmission

there are two main ways to transmit data.

Parallel Transmission Groups of Bits sent thru separate transmission lines at same time
Serial Transmission Bits sent one after other even if they related to the same group

	Parallel Transmission	Serial Transmission
Data Alignment	Multiple bits sent simultaneously across multiple parallel wires.	Bits sent sequentially, one at a time, over a single wire/channel.
Clocking	Requires a dedicated clock line alongside the data lines.	Clock is embedded in the data signal or managed by fixed baud rates.
Distance	Best for very short distances (e.g., internal RAM buses, legacy IDE).	Ideal for short to long distances (e.g., USB, Ethernet, Fiber Optic).
Main Limitation	Clock skew (bits arriving out of sync) and crosstalk over longer distances.	Slower bit rate per clock cycle (overcome by modern ultra-high-speed clocks).